This framework presents a model for using AI in education intentionally, preserving the mental, social, and emotional effort essential to learning while reducing barriers that obstruct it.
It introduces five design lenses—Productive Struggle, Access Barriers, Activation Energy, Social Sense-Making, and Cognitive Ownership—to guide educators in leveraging AI without diminishing students’ learning experiences.
Suggested citation: WestEd. (2025). Friction by design: A framework for centering learning in the age of AI (B. Busselle, Author). https://digitalfluency.wested.org/resources/friction-by-design-framework/
